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Particle emissions from ship engines and their atmospheric transformation inthe marine boundary layer (MBL) were investigated in engine test bed studiesand in airborne measurements of expanding ship plumes. During the test rigstudies, detailed aerosol microphysical and chemical properties weremeasured in the exhaust gas of a serial MAN B&W seven-cylinderfour-stroke marine diesel engine under various load conditions. The emissionstudies were complemented by airborne aerosol transformation studies in theplume of a large container ship in the English Channel using the DLRaircraft Falcon 20 E-5. Observations from emission studies and plume studiescombined with a Gaussian plume dispersion model yield a consistent pictureof particle transformation processes from emission to atmospheric processingduring plume expansion. Particulate matter emission indices obtained fromplume measurements are 8.8±1.0×1015(kg fuel)−1by number for non-volatile particles and 174±43 mg (kg fuel)−1by mass for Black Carbon (BC). Values determined for test rig conditionsbetween 85 and 110% engine load are of similar magnitude. For the totalparticle number including volatile compounds no emission index can bederived since the volatile aerosol fraction is subject to rapidtransformation processes in the plume. Ship exhaust particles occur in thesize range Dp<0.3 μm, showing a bi-modal structure. Thecombustion particle mode is centred at modal diameters of 0.05 μm forraw emissions to 0.10 μm at a plume age of 1 h. The smaller-sizedvolatile particle mode is centred at Dp≤0.02 μm. From thedecay of ship exhaust particle number concentrations in an expanding plume,a maximum plume life time of approx. 24 h is estimated for a well-mixedmarine boundary layer

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer