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The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme from ECHAM4 that  predicts both the mass mixing ratios and number concentrations of  cloud droplets and ice crystals  has been coupled to the size-resolved aerosol schemeECHAM5-HAM.  ECHAM5-HAM predicts the  aerosol mass, numberconcentrations and mixing state. The simulated  liquid, ice and total water contentand the cloud droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as afunction of temperature in stratiform mixed-phase clouds between 0 and−35° C agree much better with aircraft observations in the ECHAM5simulations. ECHAM5 performs better because more realistic aerosolconcentrations are available for cloud droplet nucleation and becausethe Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized as being moreefficient.  The total anthropogenic aerosol effect includes the direct,semi-direct and indirect effects and is defined as the difference inthe top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation between present-day andpre-industrial times. It amounts to −1.9 W m<sup>−2</sup> in ECHAM5, when arelative humidity dependent cloud cover scheme and aerosolemissions representative for the years 1750 and 2000 from the AeroComemission inventory are used. The contributionof the cloud albedo effect amounts to −0.7 W m<sup>−2</sup>.The total anthropogenic aerosol effect is larger wheneither a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different aerosolemission inventory are employed because the cloud lifetimeeffect increases

Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM