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Aerosols affect the Earth's energy budget di- rectly by scattering and absorbing radiation and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and, thereby, affect- ing cloud properties. However, large uncertainties exist in current estimates of aerosol forcing because of incomplete knowledge concerning the distribution and the physical and chemical properties of aerosols as well as aerosol-cloud in- teractions. In recent years, a great deal of effort has gone into improving measurements and datasets. It is thus fea- sible to shift the estimates of aerosol forcing from largely model-based to increasingly measurement-based. Our goal is to assess current observational capabilities and identify uncertainties in the aerosol direct forcing through compar- isons of different methods with independent sources of un- certainties. Here we assess the aerosol optical depth ( ), direct radiative effect (DRE) by natural and anthropogenic aerosols, and direct climate forcing (DCF) by anthropogenic aerosols, focusing on satellite and ground-based measure- ments supplemented by global chemical transport model Correspondence to:H. Yu

A review of measurement-based assessments of the aerosol direct radiative effect and forcing