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Using amultidiagnostic approach the rate Rev [ molec cm-3 s-1]or flux Jev [ molec cm-2 s-1] ofevaporation of H2O and its corresponding rate constant forcondensation, kcond [s-1 ], on a 1 µm thick icefilm have been studied in the temperature range 190 to 240 K as well as inthe presence of small amounts of HCl and HBr that left the vapor pressureof H2O on ice unchanged. The resulting Arrhenius expressionsfor pure ice are Jev = 1.6 · 10 28 ± 1 ·exp  (- 10.3 ± 1.2/ RT)  [ molec cm-2 s-1], kcond = 1.7 · 10 - 2 ± 1 · exp  (+ 1.6 ±1.5/ RT ) [s -1], in the presence of a HCl mole fraction in therange 3.2 · 10 - 5 - 6.4 · 10 - 3 : Jev= 6.4 · 10 26 ± 1 · exp  (- 9.7 ± 1.2/ RT)  [molec cm-2 s-1] , kcond = 2.8 · 10 -2 ± 1 · exp ( + 1.5 ± 1.6 /RT)  [s -1], and a HBrmole fraction smaller than 6.4 · 10 - 3 : Jev = 7.4· 10 25 ± 1 · exp ( - 9.1 ± 1.2 /RT)  [ molec cm-2s-1] , kcond = 7.1 · 10 - 5 ± 1 · exp(+ 2.6 ± 1.5/ RT) [s -1]. The small negative activation energyfor H2O condensation on ice points to a precursor mechanism.The corresponding enthalpy of sublimation is DHsubl= Eev - Econd = 11.9 ± 2.7 kcal mol-1 , DHsubl= 11.2 ± 2.8 kcal mol-1, and DHsubl= 11.7 ± 2.8 kcal mol-1 whose values are identical withinexperimental uncertainty to the accepted literature value of 12.3 kcal mol-1. Interferometric data at 633 nm and FTIR absorption spectra intransmission support the kinetic results. The data are consistent with asignificant lifetime enhancement for HCl- and HBr-contaminated iceparticles by a factor of 3–6 and 10–20, respectively, for submonolayercoverages of HX once the fraction of the ice not contaminated by HX hasevaporated

The rate of water vapor evaporation from ice substrates in the presence of HCl and HBr: implications for the lifetime of atmospheric ice particles