English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

. The black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission ratios wereestimated and compiled from long-term, harmonized observations of the ΔBC∕ΔCO  ratios under conditions unaffected by wet depositionat four sites in East Asia, including two sites in South Korea (Baengnyeong andGosan) and two sites in Japan (Noto and Fukuoka). Extended spatio-temporalcoverage enabled estimation of the full seasonality and elucidation of theemission ratio in North Korea for the first time. The estimated ratios wereused to validate the Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2.1based on six study domains (“East China”, “North China”, “Northeast China”, SouthKorea, North Korea, and Japan). We found that the  ΔBC∕ΔCO ratios from four sites converged into a narrow range (6.2–7.9 ng m −3  ppb −1) , suggesting consistency in the results from independentobservations and similarity in source profiles over the regions. The  BC∕CO  ratios from the REAS emission inventory (7.7 ng m −3  ppb −1  for EastChina – 23.2 ng m −3  ppb −1  for South Korea) were overestimated byfactors of 1.1 for East China to 3.0 for South Korea, whereas the ratio forNorth Korea (3.7 ng m −3  ppb −1  from REAS) was underestimated by afactor of 2.0, most likely due to inaccurate emissions from the roadtransportation sector. Seasonal variation in the  BC∕CO  ratio from REAS wasfound to be the highest in winter (China and North Korea) or summer (SouthKorea and Japan), whereas the measured  ΔBC∕ΔCO  ratio was thehighest in spring in all source regions, indicating the need for furthercharacterization of the seasonality when creating a bottom-up emissioninventory. At levels of administrative districts, overestimation in Seoul,the southwestern regions of South Korea, and Northeast China was noticeable,and underestimation was mainly observed in the western regions in NorthKorea, including Pyongyang. These diagnoses are useful for identifyingregions where revisions in the inventory are necessary, providing guidancefor the refinement of BC and CO emission rate estimates over East Asia.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Regional variability in black carbon and carbon monoxide ratio from long-term observations over East Asia: assessment of representativeness for black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission inventories