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. Isentropic mixing across and above the subtropical jet is asignificant mechanism for stratosphere–troposphere exchange. In this work,we show new observational evidence on the role of this process in moisteningthe lowermost stratosphere. The new measurement, obtained from the SpatialHeterodyne Observations of Water (SHOW) instrument during a demonstrationflight on the NASA's ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft, captured an eventof poleward water vapour transport,including a fine-scale (vertically &lt;∼1 km) moistfilament above the local tropopause in a high-spatial-resolutiontwo-dimensional cross section of the water vapour distribution. Analysis ofthese measurements combined with ERA5 reanalysis data reveals that thispoleward mixing of air with enhanced water vapour occurred in the region ofa double tropopause following a large Rossby wave-breaking event. These newobservations highlight the importance of high-resolution measurements inresolving processes that are important to the lowermost-stratospherewater vapour budget.

Observational evidence of moistening the lowermost stratosphere via isentropic mixing across the subtropical jet