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. Beijing, as a representative megacity in China, isexperiencing some of the most severe air pollution episodes in the world,and its fast urbanization has led to substantial urban and peri-urbandisparities in both health status and air quality. Uncertainties remainregarding the possible causal links between individual air pollutants andhealth outcomes, with spatial comparative investigations of these linkslacking, particularly in developing megacities. In light of this challenge,Effects of AIR pollution on cardiopuLmonary disEaSe in urban and peri-urbanreSidents in Beijing (AIRLESS) was initiated, with the aim of addressing thecomplex issue of relating multi-pollutant exposure to cardiopulmonary outcomes. Thispaper presents the novel methodological framework employed in the project,namely (1) the deployment of two panel studies from established cohorts inurban and peri-urban Beijing, with different exposure settings regardingpollution levels and diverse sources; (2) the collection of detailedmeasurements and biomarkers of participants from a nested case(hypertensive) and control (healthy) study setting; (3) the assessment ofindoor and personal exposure to multiple gaseous pollutants and particulatematter at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution with validated novelsensor technologies; (4) the assessment of ambient air pollution levels in alarge-scale field campaign, particularly the chemical composition ofparticulate matter. Preliminary results showed that there is a largedifference between ambient and personal air pollution levels, and thedifferences varied between seasons and locations. These large differenceswere reflected on the different health responses between the two panels.

Effects of AIR pollution on cardiopuLmonary disEaSe in urban and peri-urban reSidents in Beijing: protocol for the AIRLESS study