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. Clear-sky, direct shortwaveaerosol radiative forcing (ARF) has been estimated over the Indian region,for the first time employing multi-year (2009–2013) gridded, assimilated aerosol products, as an importantpart of the South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI) which is a joint Indo-UK research field campaignfocused at understanding the variabilities in atmospheric aerosols and their interactions with the Indian summer monsoon.The aerosol datasets have been constructed following statistical assimilation of concurrent data from a dense network ofground-based observatories and multi-satellite products, as described in Part 1 of this two-part paper. The ARF,thus estimated, is assessed for its superiority or otherwise over other ARF estimates based on satellite-retrievedaerosol products, over the Indian region, by comparing the radiative fluxes (upward) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) estimatedusing assimilated and satellite products with spatiotemporally matched radiative flux values provided by CERES(Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System) single-scan footprint (SSF) product. This clearly demonstrated improvedaccuracy of the forcing estimates using the assimilated vis-a-vis satellite-based aerosol datasets at regional,subregional and seasonal scales. The regional distribution of diurnally averaged ARF estimates has revealed(a) significant differences from similar estimates made using currently available satellite data, not only in termsof magnitude but also the sign of TOA forcing; (b) the largest magnitudes of surface cooling and atmospheric warming over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)and arid regions from north-western India; and (c) negative TOA forcing over most parts of the Indian region, exceptfor three subregions – the IGP, north-western India and eastern parts of peninsularIndia where the TOA forcing changes to positive during pre-monsoon season. Aerosol-induced atmospheric warming rates,estimated using the assimilated data, demonstrate substantial spatial heterogeneities ( ∼0.2 to 2.0  K d −1 )over the study domain with the IGP demonstrating relatively stronger atmospheric heating rates ( ∼0.6 to 2.0  K d −1 ).There exists a strong seasonality as well, with atmospheric warming being highest during pre-monsoon and lowest during winterseasons. It is to be noted that the present ARF estimates demonstrate substantially smaller uncertainties than theirsatellite counterparts, which is a natural consequence of reduced uncertainties in assimilated vis-a-vis satelliteaerosol properties. The results demonstrate the potential application of the assimilated datasets and ARF estimatesfor improving accuracies of climate impact assessments at regional and subregional scales.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Assessment of regional aerosol radiative effects under the SWAAMI campaign – Part 2: Clear-sky direct shortwave radiative forcing using multi-year assimilated data over the Indian subcontinent