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. Aerosol-associated non-polar organic compounds (NPOCs),including 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 30 n -alkanes, 2iso-alkanes, 5 hopanes and 5 steranes, were identified and quantified in PM2.5 samples using the thermal desorption–gas chromatography–massspectrometry (TD–GC–MS) method. The samples were mainly collected in autumnand winter in a typical city of eastern China. The total concentrations ofNPOCs were 31.7–388.7 ng m −3 , and n -alkanes were the most abundantspecies (67.2 %). The heavy-molecular-weight PAHs (four- and five-ring)contributed 67.9 % of the total PAHs, and the middle-chain-length n -alkanes ( C25 – C34 ) were the most abundant (72.3 %) in n -alkanes.PAHs and n -alkanes were mainly distributed in the 0.56–1.00  µ mfraction, while ∑  (hopanes  +  steranes) were associated with the0.32–1.00  µ m fraction, suggesting condensation of combustionproducts was their important origin. The ratio–ratio plots indicated thatNPOCs in the local area were affected by photochemical degradation. To reduce theuncertainty caused by only particle NPOC data for source apportionment, theparticle and predicted gaseous-phase NPOCs, incorporated with other PM2.5 compound were used as input data for the positive matrixfactorization (PMF) model. Eight factors were extracted forboth cases: secondary aerosol formation, vehicle exhaust, industrialemission, coal combustion, biomass burning, ship emission, and dust and lightNPOCs. These findings highlight the emissions from different aerosol-associated NPOC origins,which caused different size-specific distributions,photodegradation and gas–particle partitioning, which further affect PM2.5 source apportionment. Considering these effects on organictracers will help us accurately identify the potential sources of aerosolsand then asses the contributions from each source.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Non-polar organic compounds in autumn and winter aerosols in a typical city of eastern China: size distribution and impact of gas–particle partitioning on PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; source apportionment