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Aerosol pollution in eastern China is an unfortunate consequence of the\udregion's rapid economic and industrial growth. Here, sun photometer\udmeasurements from seven sites in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2011 to\ud2015 were used to characterize the climatology of aerosol microphysical and\udoptical properties, calculate direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) and\udclassify the aerosols based on size and absorption. Bimodal size\uddistributions were found throughout the year, but larger volumes and\udeffective radii of fine-mode particles occurred in June and September due to\udhygroscopic growth and/or cloud processing. Increases in the fine-mode particles in\udJune and September caused AOD440 nm  >  1.00 at most sites, and\udannual mean AOD440 nm values of 0.71–0.76 were found at the urban sites\udand 0.68 at the rural site. Unlike northern China, the AOD440 nm was\udlower in July and August (∼ 0.40–0.60) than in January and\udFebruary (0.71–0.89) due to particle dispersion associated with subtropical\udanticyclones in summer. Low volumes and large bandwidths of both fine-mode and\udcoarse-mode aerosol size distributions occurred in July and August because\udof biomass burning. Single-scattering albedos at 440 nm (SSA440 nm)\udfrom 0.91 to 0.94 indicated particles with relatively strong to moderate\udabsorption. Strongly absorbing particles from biomass burning with a\udsignificant SSA wavelength dependence were found in July and August at most\udsites, while coarse particles in March to May were mineral dust. Absorbing\udaerosols were distributed more or less homogeneously throughout the region\udwith absorption aerosol optical depths at 440 nm  ∼  0.04–0.06,\udbut inter-site differences in the absorption Angström exponent indicate\uda degree of spatial heterogeneity in particle composition. The annual mean\udDARF was −93 ± 44 to −79 ± 39 W m−2 at the Earth's\udsurface and ∼ −40 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere\ud(for the solar zenith angle range of 50 to 80°) under cloud-free\udconditions. The fine mode composed a major contribution of the absorbing\udparticles in the classification scheme based on SSA, fine-mode fraction and\udextinction Angström exponent. This study contributes to our\udunderstanding of aerosols and regional climate/air quality, and the results\udwill be useful for validating satellite retrievals and for improving climate\udmodels and remote sensing algorithms

Aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing based on measurements from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) in eastern China