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. Stable water isotopes are naturally available tracers of moisture in theatmosphere. Due to isotopic fractionation, they record information aboutcondensation and evaporation processes during the transport of air parcels,and therefore present a valuable means for studying the global water cycle.However, the meteorological processes driving isotopic variations are complexand not very well understood so far, in particular on short (hourly to daily)timescales. Thisstudy presents a Lagrangian method for attributing the isotopic compositionof air parcels to meteorological processes, which provides new insight intothe isotopic history of air parcels. It is based on the temporal evolution ofthe isotope ratios, the humidity, the temperature, and the location of theair parcels. Here these values are extracted along 7-day backwardtrajectories started every 6 hoursfrom near the surface in a 30-year regional climate simulation overEurope with the isotope-enabled version of the model of the Consortium forSmall-Scale Modelling (COSMOiso). The COSMOiso simulation has a horizontalresolution of 0.25 ∘ and is driven at the lateral boundaries by a T106global climate simulation with the isotope-enabled version of the EuropeanCentre Hamburg model (ECHAMwiso).Both simulations are validated againstmeasurements from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP),which shows that nesting COSMOiso within ECHAMwiso improves therepresentation of δ2 H and deuterium excess in monthly accumulatedprecipitation. The method considers all isotopic changes that occur insidethe COSMOiso model domain, which, on average, correspond to more than half ofthe mean and variability in both δ2 H and deuterium excess at the airparcels' arrival points. Along every trajectory, the variations in theisotope values are quantitatively decomposed into eight process categories(evaporation from the ocean, evapotranspiration from land, mixing withmoister air, mixing with drier air, liquid cloud formation, mixed phase cloudformation, ice cloud formation, and no process). The results show that forair parcels arriving over the ocean, evaporation from the ocean is theprimary factor controlling δ2 H and deuterium excess. Over land,evapotranspiration from land and mixing with moister air are similarlyimportant. Liquid and mixed phase cloud formation contribute to thevariability of δ2 H and deuterium excess, especially over continentalEurope. In summary, the presented method helps to better understand thelinkage between the meteorological history of air parcels and their isotopiccomposition, and may support the interpretation of stable water isotopemeasurements in future.

Lagrangian process attribution of isotopic variations in near-surface water vapour in a 30-year regional climate simulation over Europe