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Abstract. Measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) isindispensable for top-down estimation of surface CO2 sources/sinks byan atmospheric transport model. Despite the growing importance of Asia in theglobal carbon budget, the region has only been sparsely monitored for atmospheric CO2 and our understanding of atmospheric CO2 variations in the region (and thereby that of the regional carbon budget) isstill limited. In this study, we present climatological CO2 distributions over the Asia-Pacific region obtained from the CONTRAIL(Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner) measurements.The high-frequency in-flight CO2 measurements over 10 years reveal aclear seasonal variation in CO2 in the upper troposphere (UT), with amaximum occurring in April–May and a minimum in August–September. The CO2 mole fraction in the UT north of 40 ∘  N is low and highlyvariable in June–August due to the arrival of air parcels with seasonallylow CO2 caused by the summertime biospheric uptake in boreal Eurasia.For August–September in particular, the UT CO2 is noticeably lowwithin the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone associated with the convectivetransport of strong biospheric CO2 uptake signal over South Asia.During September as the anticyclone decays, a spreading of this low- CO2 area in the UT is observed in the vertical profiles of CO2 over the Pacific Rim of continental East Asia. Simulation resultsidentify the influence of anthropogenic and biospheric CO2 fluxes inthe seasonal evolution of the spatial CO2 distribution over theAsia-Pacific region. It is inferred that a substantial contribution to the UT CO2 over the northwestern Pacific comes from continental East Asianemissions in spring; but in the summer monsoon season, the prominent air massorigin switches to South Asia and/or Southeast Asia with a distinct imprintof the biospheric CO2 uptake. The CONTRAIL CO2 data provideuseful constraints to model estimates of surface fluxes and to the evaluationof the satellite observations, in particular for the Asia-Pacific region.

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Seasonal evaluation of tropospheric CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; over the Asia-Pacific region observed by the CONTRAIL commercial airliner measurements