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Aerodynamic gradient measurements of the air–surface exchange of gaseous\udelemental mercury (GEM) were undertaken over a 40 ha alpine grassland in\udAustralia's Snowy Mountains region across a 3-week period during the late\udaustral summer. Bi-directional GEM fluxes were observed throughout the study,\udwith overall mean value of 0.2 ± 14.5 ng m−2 h−1 and mean\udnocturnal fluxes of −1.5 ± 7.8 ng m−2 h−1 compared to diurnal\udfluxes of 1.8 ± 18.6 ng m−2 h−1. Deposition velocities ranged\udfrom −2.2 to 2.9 cm s−1, whilst ambient GEM concentrations\udthroughout the study were 0.59 ± 0.10 ng m−3. Cumulative GEM fluxes\udcorrelated well with 24 h running mean soil temperatures, and one\udprecipitation event was shown to have a positive impact on diurnal emission\udfluxes. The underlying vegetation had largely senesced and showed little\udstomatal control on fluxes. Nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events\ud(NAMDEs) were observed concomitant with O3 depletion and dew formation\udunder shallow, stable nocturnal boundary layers. A mass balance box model was\udable to reproduce ambient GEM concentration patterns during NAMDE and\udnon-NAMDE nights without invoking chemical oxidation of GEM throughout the\udcolumn, indicating a significant role of surface processes controlling\uddeposition in these events. Surface deposition was enhanced under NAMDE\udnights, though uptake to dew likely represents less than one-fifth of this\udenhanced deposition. Instead, enhancement of the surface GEM gradient as a\udresult of oxidation at the surface in the presence of dew is hypothesised to\udbe responsible for a large portion of GEM depletion during these particular\udevents. GEM emission pulses following nights with significant deposition\udprovide evidence for the prompt recycling of 17 % of deposited mercury, with\udthe remaining portion retained in surface sinks. The long-term impacts of any\udsinks are however likely to be minimal, as cumulative GEM flux across the\udstudy period was close to zero

Mercury fluxes over an Australian alpine grassland and observation of nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events