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The climate effect of atmospheric aerosols is associated with theirinfluence on the radiative budget of the Earth due to the directaerosol–radiation interactions (ARIs) and indirect effects, resulting fromaerosol–cloud–radiation interactions (ACIs). Online coupledmeteorology–chemistry models permit the description of these effects on thebasis of simulated atmospheric aerosol concentrations, although there isstill some uncertainty associated with the use of these models. Thus,the objective of this work is to assess whether the inclusion of atmosphericaerosol radiative feedbacks of an ensemble of online coupled models improvesthe simulation results for maximum, mean and minimum temperature at 2 m overEurope. The evaluated models outputs originate from EuMetChem COST ActionES1004 simulations for Europe, differing in the inclusion (or omission) ofARI and ACI in the various models. The cases studies cover two importantatmospheric aerosol episodes over Europe in the year 2010: (i) a heat wave eventand a forest fire episode (July–August 2010) and (ii) a more humid episodeincluding a Saharan desert dust outbreak in October 2010. The simulationresults are evaluated against observational data from the E-OBS gridded database.The results indicate that, although there is only a slight improvement in thebias of the simulation results when including the radiative feedbacks, thespatiotemporal variability and correlation coefficients are improved for thecases under study when atmospheric aerosol radiative effects are included

Regional effects of atmospheric aerosols on temperature: an evaluation of an ensemble of online coupled models