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The High Altitude Ice Crystals – High Ice WaterContent (HAIC-HIWC) joint field campaign produced aircraft retrievals oftotal condensed water content (TWC), hydrometeor particle sizedistributions (PSDs), and vertical velocity (w) in high ice water contentregions of mature and decaying tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSs).The resulting dataset is used here to explore causes of the commonlydocumented high bias in radar reflectivity within cloud-resolving simulationsof deep convection. This bias has been linked to overly strong simulatedconvective updrafts lofting excessive condensate mass but is also modulatedby parameterizations of hydrometeor size distributions, single particleproperties, species separation, and microphysical processes. Observations arecompared with three Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations of anobserved MCS using different microphysics parameterizations while controllingfor w, TWC, and temperature. Two popular bulk microphysics schemes(Thompson and Morrison) and one bin microphysics scheme (fast spectral binmicrophysics) are compared. For temperatures between −10 and−40 °C and TWC  >  1 g m−3, all microphysics schemesproduce median mass diameters (MMDs) that are generally larger than observed,and the precipitating ice species that controls this size bias varies byscheme, temperature, and w. Despite a much greater number of samples, allsimulations fail to reproduce observed high-TWC conditions( >  2 g m−3) between −20 and −40 °C in which only asmall fraction of condensate mass is found in relatively large particle sizesgreater than 1 mm in diameter. Although more mass is distributed tolarge particle sizes relative to those observed across all schemes whencontrolling for temperature, w, and TWC, differences with observations are significantly variable between the schemes tested. As a result, this bias ishypothesized to partly result from errors in parameterized hydrometeor PSDand single particle properties, but because it is present in all schemes, itmay also partly result from errors in parameterized microphysical processespresent in all schemes. Because of these ubiquitous ice size biases, thefrequently used microphysical parameterizations evaluated in this studyinherently produce a high bias in convective reflectivity for a wide range oftemperatures, vertical velocities, and TWCs

A ubiquitous ice size bias in simulations of tropical deep convection