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Gravity waves (GWs) transport momentum and energy in theatmosphere, exerting a profound influence on the global circulation.Accurately measuring them is thus vital both for understanding the atmosphereand for developing the next generation of weather forecasting and climateprediction models. However, it has proven very difficult to measure the fullset of GW parameters from satellite measurements, which are the only suitableobservations with global coverage. This is particularly critical at latitudesclose to 60° S, where climate models significantly under-representwave momentum fluxes. Here, we present a novel fully 3-D method for detectingand characterising GWs in the stratosphere. This method is based around a 3-DStockwell transform, and can be applied retrospectively to existing observeddata. This is the first scientific use of this spectral analysis technique.We apply our method to high-resolution 3-D atmospheric temperature data fromAIRS/Aqua over the altitude range 20–60 km. Our method allows us todetermine a wide range of parameters for each wave detected. These includeamplitude, propagation direction, horizontal/vertical wavelength,height/direction-resolved momentum fluxes (MFs), and phase and group velocityvectors. The latter three have not previously been measured from anindividual satellite instrument. We demonstrate this method over the regionaround the Southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula, the largest known sourcesof GW MFs near the 60° S belt. Our analyses reveal the presence ofstrongly intermittent highly directionally focused GWs with very highmomentum fluxes (∼ 80–100 mPa or more at 30 km altitude). Thesewaves are closely associated with the mountains rather than the open ocean ofthe Drake Passage. Measured fluxes are directed orthogonal to both mountainranges, consistent with an orographic source mechanism, and are largest inwinter. Further, our measurements of wave group velocity vectors show clearobservational evidence that these waves are strongly focused into the polarnight wind jet, and thus may contribute significantly to the <q>missingmomentum</q> at these latitudes. These results demonstrate the capabilities ofour new method, which provides a powerful tool for delivering theobservations required for the next generation of weather and climate models

Exploring gravity wave characteristics in 3-D using a novel S-transform technique: AIRS/Aqua measurements over the Southern Andes and Drake Passage