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A positive matrix\udfactorization model (US EPA PMF version 5.0) was applied for the source\udapportionment of the dataset of 37 non-methane volatile organic compounds\ud(NMVOCs) measured from\ud19 December 2012 to 30 January 2013 during the SusKat-ABC international air\udpollution measurement campaign using a proton-transfer-reaction\udtime-of-flight mass spectrometer in the Kathmandu Valley. In all, eight\udsource categories were identified with the PMF model using the new\udconstrained model operation mode. Unresolved industrial emissions and traffic\udsource factors were the major contributors to the total measured NMVOC mass\udloading (17.9 and 16.8 %, respectively) followed by mixed industrial\udemissions (14.0 %), while the remainder of the source was split\udapproximately evenly between residential biofuel use and waste disposal\ud(10.9 %), solvent evaporation (10.8 %), biomass co-fired\udbrick kilns (10.4 %), biogenic emissions (10.0 %) and mixed\uddaytime factor (9.2 %). Conditional probability function (CPF)\udanalyses were performed to identify the physical locations associated with\uddifferent sources. Source contributions to individual NMVOCs showed that\udbiomass co-fired brick kilns significantly contribute to the elevated\udconcentrations of several health relevant NMVOCs such as benzene. Despite the\udhighly polluted conditions, biogenic emissions had the largest contribution\ud(24.2 %) to the total daytime ozone production potential, even in\udwinter, followed by solvent evaporation (20.2 %), traffic\ud(15.0 %) and unresolved industrial emissions (14.3 %).\udSecondary organic aerosol (SOA) production had approximately equal\udcontributions from biomass co-fired brick kilns (28.9 %) and traffic\ud(28.2 %). Comparison of PMF results based on the in situ data versus\udREAS v2.1 and EDGAR v4.2 emission inventories showed that both the\udinventories underestimate the contribution of traffic and do not take the\udcontribution of brick kilns into account. In addition, the REAS inventory\udoverestimates the contribution of residential biofuel use and underestimates\udthe contribution of solvent use and industrial sources in the Kathmandu\udValley. The quantitative source apportionment of major NMVOC sources in the\udKathmandu Valley based on this study will aid in improving hitherto largely\udun-validated bottom-up NMVOC emission inventories, enabling more focused\udmitigation measures and improved parameterizations in chemical transport\udmodels

Source apportionment of NMVOCs in the Kathmandu Valley during the SusKat-ABC international field campaign using positive matrix factorization