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To investigate the atmospheric aerosols of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau(HTP), an observation network was established within the region's variousecosystems, including at the Ngari, Qomolangma (QOMS), Nam Co, andSoutheastern Tibetan (SET) stations. In this paper we illustrate aerosol massloadings by integrating in situ measurements with satellite and ground-basedremote sensing datasets for the 2011–2013 period, on both local and largescales. Mass concentrations of these surface atmospheric aerosols wererelatively low and varied with land cover, showing a general tendency ofNgari and QOMS (barren sites) > Nam Co (grassland site) > SET(forest site). Daily averages of online PM2.5(particulates with aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 µm) at thesesites were sequentially 18.2 ± 8.9, 14.5 ± 7.4, 11.9 ± 4.9and 11.7 ± 4.7 µg m−3. Correspondingly, the ratios ofPM2.5 to total suspended particles (TSP) were 27.4 ± 6.65,22.3 ± 10.9, 37.3 ± 11.1 and 54.4 ± 6.72 %. Bimodalmass distributions of size-segregated particles were found at all sites, witha relatively small peak in accumulation mode and a more notable peak incoarse mode. Diurnal variations in fine-aerosol masses generally displayed abi-peak pattern at the QOMS, Nam Co and SET stations and a single-peakpattern at the Ngari station, controlled by the effects of localgeomorphology, mountain-valley breeze circulation and aerosol emissions. Dustaerosol content in PM2.1 samples gave fractions of 26 % at the Ngaristation and 29 % at the QOMS station, or  ∼ 2–3 times that ofreported results at human-influenced sites. Furthermore, observed evidenceconfirmed the existence of the aerodynamic conditions necessary for theuplift of fine particles from a barren land surface. Combining surfaceaerosol data and atmospheric-column aerosol optical properties, the TSP massand aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR) generally decreased as land cover changed from barren to forest, ininverse relation to the PM2.5 ratios. The seasonality of aerosol massparameters was land-cover dependent. Over forest and grassland areas, TSPmass, PM2.5 mass, MISR-AOD and fine-mode AOD were higher in spring andsummer, followed by relatively lower values in autumn and winter. At thebarren site (the QOMS station), there were inconsistent seasonal patternsbetween surface TSP mass (PM2.5 mass) and atmospheric column AOD(fine-mode AOD). Our findings implicate that HTP aerosol masses (especiallytheir regional characteristics and fine-particle emissions) need to betreated sensitively in relation to assessments of their climatic effect andpotential role as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei

Background aerosol over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau: observed characteristics of aerosol mass loading