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The extreme dust storm that affected the Middle East and theeastern Mediterranean in September 2015 resulted in record-breaking dustloads over Cyprus with aerosol optical depth exceeding 5.0 at 550 nm. Weanalyse this event using profiles from the European Aerosol Research LidarNetwork (EARLINET) and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared PathfinderSatellite Observation (CALIPSO), geostationary observations fromthe Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraredImager (SEVIRI), and high-resolution simulations from the RegionalAtmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The analysis of modelling and remote sensingdata reveals the main mechanisms that resulted in the generation andpersistence of the dust cloud over the Middle East and Cyprus. A combination ofmeteorological and surface processes is found, including (a) the development of a thermal low in the area of Syria that results in unstable atmosphericconditions and dust mobilization in this area, (b) the convective activityover northern Iraq that triggers the formation of westward-moving haboobsthat merge with the previously elevated dust layer, and (c) the changes inland use due to war in the areas of northern Iraq and Syria that enhancedust erodibility

Remote sensing and modelling analysis of the extreme dust storm hitting the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean in September 2015