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The Convective Cloud Field Model (CCFM) attempts to address some of theshortcomings of both the commonly used bulk mass-flux parameterisations andthose using a prescribed spectrum of clouds. By considering the cloudspectrum as a competitive system in which cloud types interact through theirenvironment in competition for convective available potential energy (CAPE),the spectrum is able to respond dynamically to changes in the environment. Anexplicit Lagrangian entraining plume model for each cloud type allows for therepresentation of convective-cloud microphysics, paving the way for the studyof aerosol–convection interactions at the global scale where their impactremains highly uncertain.  In this paper, we introduce a new treatment of convective triggering,extending the entraining plume model below cloud base to explicitly representthe unsaturated thermals which initiate convection. This allows for arealistic vertical velocity to develop at cloud base, so that the cloudmicrophysics can begin with physically based activation of cloud condensationnuclei (CCN).  We evaluate this new version of CCFM in the context of theglobal model ECHAM6–HAM, comparing its performance to the standardTiedtke–Nordeng parameterisation used in that model.  We find that the spatio-temporal distribution of precipitation is improved,both against a climatology from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP) and also against diurnal cycles from the Tropical Rainfall MeasurementMission (TRMM) with a reduced tendency for precipitation to peak too early inthe afternoon.  Cloud cover is quite sensitive to the vertical level fromwhich the dry convection is initiated, but when this is chosen appropriatelythe cloud cover compares well with that from Tiedtke–Nordeng.  CCFM can thus perform as well as, or better than, the standard scheme whileproviding additional capabilities to represent convective-cloud microphysicsand dynamic cloud morphology at the global scale

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Dynamic subgrid heterogeneity of convective cloud in a global model: description and evaluation of the Convective Cloud Field Model (CCFM) in ECHAM6–HAM2