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This study discusses an analysis of combined airborne and ground observations of particulate nitrate (NO 3  -  (p) ) concentrations made during the wintertime DISCOVER-AQ study at one of the most polluted cities in the United States, Fresno, CA in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) and focuses on development of understanding of the various processes that impact surface nitrate concentrations during pollution events. The results provide an explicit case-study illustration of how nighttime chemistry can influence daytime surface-level NO 3  -  (p) concentrations, complementing previous studies in the SJV. The observations exemplify the critical role that nocturnal chemical production of NO 3  -  (p) aloft in the residual layer (RL) can play in determining daytime surface-level NO 3  -  (p) concentrations. Further, they indicate that nocturnal production of NO 3  -  (p) in the RL, along with daytime photochemical production, can contribute substantially to the build-up and sustaining of severe pollution episodes. The exceptionally shallow nocturnal boundary layer heights characteristic of wintertime pollution events in the SJV intensifies the importance of nocturnal production aloft in the residual layer to daytime surface concentrations. The observations also demonstrate that dynamics within the RL can influence the early-morning vertical distribution of NO 3  -  (p) , despite low wintertime wind speeds. This overnight reshaping of the vertical distribution above the city plays an important role in determining the net impact of nocturnal chemical production on local and regional surface-level NO 3  -  (p) concentrations. Entrainment of clean free tropospheric air into the boundary layer in the afternoon is identified as an important process that reduces surface-level NO 3  -  (p) and limits build-up during pollution episodes. The influence of dry deposition of HNO 3 gas to the surface on daytime particulate nitrate concentrations is important but limited by an excess of ammonia in the region, which leads to only a small fraction of nitrate existing in the gas-phase even during the warmer daytime. However, in late afternoon, when diminishing solar heating leads to a rapid fall in the mixed boundary layer height, the impact of surface deposition is temporarily enhanced and can lead to a substantial decline in surface-level particulate nitrate concentrations; this enhanced deposition is quickly arrested by a decrease in surface temperature, which drops the gas-phase fraction to near zero. The overall importance of enhanced late afternoon gas-phase loss to the multiday build-up of pollution events is limited by the very shallow nocturnal boundary layer. The case study here demonstrates that mixing down of NO 3  -  (p) from the RL can contribute a majority of the surface-level NO 3  -  (p) in the morning (here, ~80%), and a strong influence can persist into the afternoon even when photochemical production is maximum. The particular day-to-day contribution of aloft nocturnal NO 3  -  (p) production to surface concentrations will depend on prevailing chemical and meteorological conditions. Although specific to the SJV, the observations and conceptual framework further developed here provide general insights into the evolution of pollution episodes in wintertime environments.

Observational assessment of the role of nocturnal residual-layer chemistry in determining daytime surface particulate nitrate concentrations