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We implemented a tagged tracer method of black carbon (BC)intoa global chemistry transport model, GEOS-Chem, examined the pathwaysand efficiency of long-range transport from a variety ofanthropogenic and biomass burning emission sources to the Arctic,and quantified the source contributions of individualemissions. Firstly, we evaluated the simulated BC by comparing itwith observations at the Arctic sites and examined the sensitivityof an aging parameterization and wet scavenging rate by iceclouds. For tagging BC, we added BC tracers distinguished by sourcetypes (anthropogenic and biomass burning) and regions; the globaldomain was divided into 16 and 27 regions for anthropogenic andbiomass burning emissions, respectively. Our simulations showed thatBC emitted from Europe and Russia was transported to the Arcticmainly in the lower troposphere during winter and spring. Inparticular, BC transported from Russia was widely spread over theArctic in winter and spring, leading to a dominant contribution of62 % to the Arctic BC near the surface as the annual mean. Incontrast, BC emitted from East Asia was found to be transported inthe middle troposphere into the Arctic mainly over the Sea of Okhotskand eastern Siberia during winter and spring. We identified animportant <q>window</q> area, which allowed a strong incoming of EastAsian BC to the Arctic (130–180° E and 3–8 kmof altitude at 66° N). The model demonstrated that thecontribution from East Asia to the Arctic had a maximum at about5 km of altitude due to uplifting during long-rangetransport in early spring. The efficiency of BC transport from EastAsia to the Arctic was lower than that from other large sourceregions such as Europe, Russia, and North America. However, the EastAsian contribution was the most important for BC in the middletroposphere (41 %) and the BC burden over the Arctic (27 %)because of the large emissions from this region. These resultssuggested that the main sources of Arctic BC differed withaltitude. The contribution of all the anthropogenic sources toArctic BC concentrations near the surface was dominant (90 %) onan annual basis. The contributions of biomass burning in borealregions (Siberia, Alaska, and Canada) to the annual total BCdeposition onto the Arctic were estimated to be 12–15 %, whichbecame the maximum during summer

Tagged tracer simulations of black carbon in the Arctic: transport, source contributions, and budget