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The source-oriented Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry model (SOWC)was modified to include warm cloud processes and was applied to investigate howaerosol mixing states influence fog formation and optical properties in theatmosphere. SOWC tracks a 6-D chemical variable (X, Z, Y, size bins, source types, species) through an explicit simulation of atmosphericchemistry and physics. A source-oriented cloud condensation nuclei modulewas implemented into the SOWC model to simulate warm clouds using themodified two-moment Purdue Lin microphysics scheme. The Goddard shortwaveand long-wave radiation schemes were modified to interact withsource-oriented aerosols and cloud droplets so that aerosol direct andindirect effects could be studied. The enhanced SOWC model was applied to study a fog event that occurred on 17January 2011, in the Central Valley of California. Tule fog occurred becausean atmospheric river effectively advected high moisture into the CentralValley and nighttime drainage flow brought cold air from mountains into thevalley. The SOWC model produced reasonable liquid water path, spatialdistribution and duration of fog events. The inclusion of aerosol–radiationinteraction only slightly modified simulation results since cloud opticalthickness dominated the radiation budget in fog events. The source-orientedmixture representation of particles reduced cloud droplet number relative tothe internal mixture approach that artificially coats hydrophobic particleswith hygroscopic components. The fraction of aerosols activating into cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ata supersaturation of 0.5 % in the Central Valley decreased from 94 % inthe internal mixture model to 80 % in the source-oriented model. Thisincreased surface energy flux by 3–5 W m−2 and surface temperature byas much as 0.25 K in the daytime

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Implementation of warm-cloud processes in a source-oriented WRF/Chem model to study the effect of aerosol mixing state on fog formation in the Central Valley of California