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The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model has been further developed\udin terms of simulating natural wind-blown dust in this study, with a series\udof modifications aimed at improving the model's capability to predict the\udemission, transport, and chemical reactions of dust. The default\udparameterization of initial threshold friction velocity constants are revised\udto correct the double counting of the impact of soil moisture in CMAQ by the\udreanalysis of field experiment data; source-dependent speciation profiles for\uddust emission are derived based on local measurements for the Gobi and\udTaklamakan deserts in East Asia; and dust heterogeneous chemistry is also\udimplemented. The improved dust module in the CMAQ is applied over East Asia\udfor March and April from 2006 to 2010. The model evaluation result shows that\udthe simulation bias of PM10 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) is reduced,\udrespectively, from −55.42 and −31.97 % by the original CMAQ to −16.05\udand −22.1 % by the revised CMAQ. Comparison with observations at the\udnearby Gobi stations of Duolun and Yulin indicates that applying a\udsource-dependent profile helps reduce simulation bias for trace metals.\udImplementing heterogeneous chemistry also results in better agreement with\udobservations for sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfate (SO42−),\udnitric acid (HNO3), nitrous oxides (NOx), and nitrate\ud(NO3−). The investigation of a severe dust storm episode from 19 to\ud21 March 2010 suggests that the revised CMAQ is capable of capturing the\udspatial distribution and temporal variation of dust. The model evaluation also\udindicates potential uncertainty within the excessive soil moisture used by\udmeteorological simulation. The mass contribution of fine-mode particles in\uddust emission may be underestimated by 50 %. The revised CMAQ model\udprovides a useful tool for future studies to investigate the emission,\udtransport, and impact of wind-blown dust over East Asia and elsewhere

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Model development of dust emission and heterogeneous chemistry within the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system and its application over East Asia