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The North Sea is one of the areas with the highest ship traffic\uddensities worldwide. At any time, about 3000 ships are sailing its\udwaterways. Previous scientific publications have shown that ships\udcontribute significantly to atmospheric concentrations of\udNOx, particulate matter and ozone. Especially in the case\udof particulate matter and ozone, this influence can even be seen in\udregions far away from the main shipping routes. In order to quantify\udthe effects of North Sea shipping on air quality in its bordering\udstates, it is essential to determine the emissions from shipping as\udaccurately as possible. Within Interreg IVb project Clean North\udSea Shipping (CNSS), a bottom-up approach was developed and used to\udthoroughly compile such an emission inventory for 2011 that served\udas the base year for the current emission situation. The innovative\udaspect of this approach was to use load-dependent functions to\udcalculate emissions from the ships' current activities instead of\udaveraged emission factors for the entire range of the engine\udloads. These functions were applied to ship activities that were\udderived from hourly records of Automatic Identification System\udsignals together with a database containing the engine\udcharacteristics of the vessels that traveled the North Sea in\ud2011. The emission model yielded ship emissions among others of\udNOx and SO2 at high temporal and spatial\udresolution that were subsequently used in a chemistry transport\udmodel in order to simulate the impact of the emissions on pollutant\udconcentration levels. The total emissions of nitrogen reached\ud540 Gg and those of sulfur oxides 123 Gg within the North\udSea – including the adjacent western part of the Baltic Sea until 5° W. This was about twice as much of those of a medium-sized\udindustrialized European state like the Netherlands. The relative\udcontribution of ships to, for example, NO2 concentration\udlevels ashore close to the sea can reach up to 25 % in\udsummer and 15 % in winter. Some hundred kilometers away\udfrom the sea, the contribution was about 6 % in summer and\ud4 % in winter. The relative contribution of the secondary\udpollutant NO3− was found to reach 20 % in summer\udand 6 % in winter even far from the shore

The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 1: Current emissions and concentrations