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Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment aswell as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbour districts.However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in Chinastill need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with thelarge number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports,international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseousphase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatileorganic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon,elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust fromthree different diesel-engine-powered offshore vessels in China (350, 600 and1600 kW) were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based andpower-based emission factors for various operating modes as well as theimpact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrationsand emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatileorganic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low-engine-power vessel (HH) than for the two higher-engine-power vessels (XYH and DFH);for instance, HH had NOx EF (emission factor) of 25.8 g kWh−1 compared to 7.14 and6.97 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH, and PM EF of 2.09 g kWh−1 comparedto 0.14 and 0.04 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH. Average emission factors forall pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low-engine-power engineeringvessel (HH) were significantly higher than that of the previous studies (suchas 30.2 g kg−1 fuel of CO EF compared to 2.17 to 19.5 g kg−1fuel in previous studies, 115 g kg−1 fuel of NOx EF compared to22.3 to 87 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies and 9.40 g kg−1 fuelof PM EF compared to 1.2 to 7.6 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies),while for the two higher-engine-power vessels (DFH and XYH), most of theaverage emission factors for pollutants were comparable to the results ofthe previous studies, engine type was one of the most important influencefactors for the differences. Emission factors for all three vessels weresignificantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon andelemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, whilewater-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. The testinland ships and some test offshore vessels in China always had higher EFsfor CO, NOx, and PM than previous studies. Besides, due to thesignificant influence of engine type on shipping emissions and that noaccurate local EFs could be used in inventory calculation, much more measurement datafor different vessels in China are still in urgent need. Best-fit enginespeeds during actual operation should be based on both emission factors andeconomic costs

Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China