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Anthropogenic heat (AH) emissions from human activities caused by\udurbanization can affect the city environment. Based on the energy consumption\udand the gridded demographic data, the spatial distribution of AH emission\udover the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is estimated. Meanwhile, a new\udmethod for the AH parameterization is developed in the WRF/Chem model, which\udincorporates the gridded AH emission data with the seasonal and diurnal\udvariations into the simulations. By running this upgraded WRF/Chem for 2\udtypical months in 2010, the impacts of AH on the meteorology and air quality\udover the YRD region are studied. The results show that the AH fluxes over the\udYRD have been growing in recent decades. In 2010, the annual-mean values of\udAH over Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang are 14.46, 2.61 and 1.63 W m−2,\udrespectively, with the high value of 113.5 W m−2 occurring in the\udurban areas of Shanghai. These AH emissions can significantly change the\udurban heat island and urban-breeze circulations in the cities of the YRD\udregion. In Shanghai, 2 m air temperature increases by 1.6 °C in\udJanuary and 1.4 °C in July, the PBLH (planetary boundary layer\udheight) rises up by 140 m in January and 160 m in July, and 10 m wind\udspeed is enhanced by 0.7 m s−1 in January and 0.5 m s−1 in\udJuly, with a higher increment at night. The enhanced vertical movement can\udtransport more moisture to higher levels, which causes the decrease in water\udvapor at ground level and the increase in the upper PBL (planetary boundary\udlayer), and thereby induces the accumulative precipitation to increase by\ud15–30 % over the megacities in July. The adding of AH can impact the\udspatial and vertical distributions of the simulated pollutants as well. The\udconcentrations of primary air pollutants decrease near the surface and\udincrease at the upper levels, due mainly to the increases in PBLH, surface\udwind speed and upward air vertical movement. But surface O3\udconcentrations increase in the urban areas, with maximum changes of 2.5 ppb\udin January and 4 ppb in July. Chemical direct (the rising up of air\udtemperature directly accelerates surface O3 formation) and indirect (the\uddecrease in NOx at the ground results in the increase in surface\udO3) effects can play a significant role in O3 changes over this\udregion. The meteorology and air pollution predictions in and around large\udurban areas are highly sensitive to the anthropogenic heat inputs, suggesting\udthat AH should be considered in the climate and air quality assessments

Modeling of the anthropogenic heat flux and its effect on regional meteorology and air quality over the Yangtze River Delta region, China