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The AIRUSE-LIFE+ project aims at characterizing similarities andheterogeneities in particulate matter (PM) sources and contributions in urbanareas from southern Europe. Once the main PMx sources are identified, AIRUSEaims at developing and testing the efficiency of specific and non-specificmeasures to improve urban air quality. This article reports the results ofthe source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 conducted at three urbanbackground sites (Barcelona, Florence and Milan, BCN-UB, FI-UB and MLN-UB),one suburban background site (Athens, ATH-SUB) and one traffic site (Porto,POR-TR). After collecting 1047 PM10 and 1116 PM2.5 24 h samplesduring 12 months (from January 2013 on) simultaneously at the five cities,these were analysed for the contents of OC, EC, anions, cations, major andtrace elements and levoglucosan. The USEPA PMF5 receptor model was applied tothese data sets in a harmonized way for each city. The sum of vehicle exhaust (VEX) and non-exhaust (NEX) contributes between3.9 and 10.8 µg m−3 (16–32 %) to PM10 and 2.3 and9.4 µg m−3 (15–36 %) to PM2.5, although a fraction ofsecondary nitrate is also traffic-related but could not be estimated.Important contributions arise from secondary particles (nitrate, sulfate andorganics) in PM2.5 (37–82 %) but also in PM10 (40–71 %),mostly at background sites, revealing the importance of abating gaseousprecursors in designing air quality plans. Biomass burning (BB) contributions vary widely, from 14–24 % of PM10in POR-TR, MLN-UB and FI-UB, 7 % in ATH-SUB, to  <  2 % in BCN-UB. InPM2.5, BB is the second most important source in MLN-UB (21 %) and inPOR-TR (18 %), the third one in FI-UB (21 %) and ATH-SUB (11 %), but isagain negligible (< 2 %) in BCN-UB. This large variability among citiesis mostly due to the degree of penetration of biomass for residentialheating. In Barcelona natural gas is very well supplied across the city andis used as fuel in 96 % of homes, while in other cities, PM levels increaseon an annual basis by 1–9 µg m−3 due to biomass burninginfluence. Other significant sources are the following. – Local dust, 7–12 % of PM10 at SUB and UB sites and 19 % at the TRsite, revealing a contribution from road dust resuspension. In PM2.5percentages decrease to 2–7 % at SUB-UB sites and 15 % at the TR site. – Industry, mainly metallurgy, contributing 4–11 % of PM10 (5–12 % inPM2.5), but only at BCN-UB, POR-TR and MLN-UB. No clear impact of industrialemissions was found in FI-UB and ATH-SUB. – Natural contributions from sea salt (13 % of PM10 in POR-TR, but only2–7 % in the other cities) and Saharan dust (14 % in ATH-SUB, but lessthan 4 % in the other cities). During high pollution days, the largest sources (i.e. excluding secondaryaerosol factors) of PM10 and PM2.5 are VEX + NEX inBCN-UB (27–22 %) and POR-TR (31–33 %), BB in FI-UB (30–33 %) andMLN-UB (35–26 %) and Saharan dust in ATH-SUB (52–45 %). During thosedays, there are also quite important industrial contributions inBCN-UB (17–18 %) and local dust in POR-TR (28–20 %)

AIRUSE-LIFE+: a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities