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A stratosphere-resolving configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model\ud(UM) with the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) scheme is used to\udinvestigate the atmospheric response to changes in (a) greenhouse gases and\udclimate, (b) ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and (c) non-methane ozone\udprecursor emissions. A suite of time-slice experiments show the separate, as\udwell as pairwise, impacts of these perturbations between the years 2000 and\ud2100. Sensitivity to uncertainties in future greenhouse gases and aerosols\udis explored through the use of the Representative Concentration Pathway\ud(RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. \udThe results highlight an important role for the stratosphere in determining\udthe annual mean tropospheric ozone response, primarily through\udstratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) of ozone. Under both climate change\udand reductions in ODSs, increases in STE offset decreases in net chemical\udproduction and act to increase the tropospheric ozone burden. This opposes\udthe effects of projected decreases in ozone precursors through measures to\udimprove air quality, which act to reduce the ozone burden. \udThe global tropospheric lifetime of ozone (τO3) does not change\udsignificantly under climate change at RCP4.5, but it decreases at RCP8.5.\udThis opposes the increases in τO3 simulated under reductions in ODSs and ozone precursor emissions. \udThe additivity of the changes in ozone is examined by comparing the sum of\udthe responses in the single-forcing experiments to those from equivalent\udcombined-forcing experiments. Whilst the ozone responses to most forcing\udcombinations are found to be approximately additive, non-additive changes\udare found in both the stratosphere and troposphere when a large climate\udforcing (RCP8.5) is combined with the effects of ODSs

Drivers of changes in stratospheric and tropospheric ozone between year 2000 and 2100