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Emissions from the marine transport sector are one of the least-regulatedanthropogenic emission sources and contribute significantly to air pollution.Although strict limits were introduced recently for the maximum sulfurcontent in marine fuels in the SECAs (sulfur emission control areas) and in EU ports, sulfur emissions outside the SECAs and emissions of othercomponents in all European maritime areas have continued to increase in thelast two decades. We have used the air quality model CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model withExtensions) with and withoutship emissions for the year 2006 to determine the effects of internationalshipping on the annual as well as seasonal concentrations of ozone, primaryand secondary components of PM2.5, and the dry and wet deposition ofnitrogen and sulfur compounds in Europe. The largest changes in pollutantconcentrations due to ship emissions were predicted for summer.Concentrations of particulate sulfate increased due to ship emissions in theMediterranean (up to 60 %), the English Channel and the North Sea(30–35 %), while increases in particulate nitrate levels were foundespecially in the north, around the Benelux area (20 %), where there werehigh NH3 land-based emissions. Our model results showed that not onlyare the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants affected by ship emissions,but also depositions of nitrogen and sulfur compounds increase significantlyalong the shipping routes. NOx emissions from the ships, especially inthe English Channel and the North Sea, cause a decrease in the dry depositionof reduced nitrogen at source regions by moving it from the gas phase to theparticle phase which then contributes to an increase in the wet deposition atcoastal areas with higher precipitation. In the western Mediterranean region,on the other hand, model results show an increase in the deposition ofoxidized nitrogen (mostly HNO3) due to the ship traffic. Dry depositionof SO2 seems to be significant along the shipping routes, whereas sulfatewet deposition occurs mainly along the Scandinavian and Adriatic coasts. Theresults presented in this paper suggest that evolution of NOx emissionsfrom ships and land-based NH3 emissions will play a significant role in future European air quality

Contribution of ship emissions to the concentration and deposition of air pollutants in Europe