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Detailed information on the size of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) may beuseful in source identification, modeling their transport in the atmosphereto improve climate predictions, and determining how effectively orineffectively instrumentation used for quantifying INPs in the atmospherecaptures the full INP population. In this study we report immersion-mode INPnumber concentrations as a function of size at six ground sites in NorthAmerica and one in Europe using the micro-orifice uniform-depositimpactor droplet freezing technique (MOUDI-DFT), which combines particlesize-segregation by inertial impaction and a microscope-based immersionfreezing apparatus. The lowest INP number concentrations were observed atArctic and alpine locations and the highest at suburban and agriculturallocations, consistent with previous studies of INP concentrations in similarenvironments. We found that 91 ± 9, 79 ± 17, and 63 ± 21 % of INPs had an aerodynamic diameter > 1 µm at iceactivation temperatures of −15, −20, and −25 °C, respectively,when averaging over all sampling locations. In addition, 62 ± 20, 55 ± 18, and 42 ± 17 % of INPs were in the coarse mode(> 2.5 µm) at ice activation temperatures of −15, −20, and−25 °C, respectively, when averaging over all sampling locations.These results are consistent with six out of the nine studies in theliterature that have focused on the size distribution of INPs in theatmosphere. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that supermicronand coarse-mode aerosol particles are a significant component of the INPpopulation in many different ground-level environments. Furthersize-resolved studies of INPs as a function of altitude are required sincethe size distribution of INPs may be different at high altitudes due tosize-dependent removal processes of atmospheric particles

Size-resolved measurements of ice-nucleating particles at six locations in North America and one in Europe