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Comprehensive aircraft observations are used to\udcharacterise surface roughness over the Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) and\udconsequently make recommendations for the parametrisation of surface\udmomentum exchange in the MIZ. These observations were gathered in the\udBarents Sea and Fram Strait from two aircraft as part of the Aerosol–Cloud\udCoupling And Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA) project. They\udrepresent a doubling of the total number of such aircraft observations\udcurrently available over the Arctic MIZ. The eddy covariance method is used\udto derive estimates of the 10 m neutral drag coefficient (CDN10) from\udturbulent wind velocity measurements, and a novel method using albedo and\udsurface temperature is employed to derive ice fraction. Peak surface\udroughness is found at ice fractions in the range 0.6 to 0.8 (with a mean\udinterquartile range in CDN10 of 1.25 to 2.85  ×  10−3).\udCDN10 as a function of ice fraction is found to be well approximated by\udthe negatively skewed distribution provided by a leading parametrisation\udscheme (Lüpkes et al., 2012) tailored for sea-ice drag over the MIZ in\udwhich the two constituent components of drag – skin and form drag – are\udseparately quantified. Current parametrisation schemes used in the weather\udand climate models are compared with our results and the majority are found\udto be physically unjustified and unrepresentative. The Lüpkes et al. (2012) scheme is recommended in a computationally simple form, with adjusted\udparameter settings. A good agreement holds for subsets of the data from\uddifferent locations, despite differences in sea-ice conditions. Ice\udconditions in the Barents Sea, characterised by small, unconsolidated ice\udfloes, are found to be associated with higher CDN10 values –\udespecially at the higher ice fractions – than those of Fram Strait, where\udtypically larger, smoother floes are observed. Consequently, the important\udinfluence of sea-ice morphology and floe size on surface roughness is\udrecognised, and improvement in the representation of this in\udparametrisation schemes is suggested for future study

Observations of surface momentum exchange over the marginal ice zone and recommendations for its parametrisation