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We present observations of biomass burning aerosol from the South AmericanBiomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) and other measurement campaigns, and usethese to evaluate the representation of biomass burning aerosol propertiesand processes in a state-of-the-art climate model. The evaluation includesdetailed comparisons with aircraft and ground data, along with remote sensingobservations from MODIS and AERONET. We demonstrate several improvements toaerosol properties following the implementation of the Global Model forAerosol Processes (GLOMAP-mode) modal aerosol scheme in the HadGEM3 climate model. This predictsthe particle size distribution, composition, and optical properties, givingincreased accuracy in the representation of aerosol properties andphysical–chemical processes over the Coupled Large-scale Aerosol Scheme forSimulations in Climate Models (CLASSIC) bulk aerosol scheme previously usedin HadGEM2. Although both models give similar regional distributions ofcarbonaceous aerosol mass and aerosol optical depth (AOD), GLOMAP-mode isbetter able to capture the observed size distribution, single scatteringalbedo, and Ångström exponent across different tropical biomassburning source regions. Both aerosol schemes overestimate the uptake of watercompared to recent observations, CLASSIC more so than GLOMAP-mode, leading toa likely overestimation of aerosol scattering, AOD, and single scatteringalbedo at high relative humidity. Observed aerosol vertical distributionswere well captured when biomass burning aerosol emissions were injecteduniformly from the surface to 3 km. Finally, good agreement between observedand modelled AOD was gained only after scaling up GFED3 emissions by a factorof 1.6 for CLASSIC and 2.0 for GLOMAP-mode. We attribute this difference inscaling factor mainly to different assumptions for the water uptake andgrowth of aerosol mass during ageing via oxidation and condensation oforganics. We also note that similar agreement with observed AOD could havebeen achieved with lower scaling factors if the ratio of organic carbon toprimary organic matter was increased in the models toward the upper range ofobserved values. Improved knowledge from measurements is required to reduceuncertainties in emission ratios for black carbon and organic carbon, and theratio of organic carbon to primary organic matter for primary emissions frombiomass burning

Evaluation of biomass burning aerosols in the HadGEM3 climate model with observations from the SAMBBA field campaign