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Dust transported from north African source region toward the Mediterraneanbasin and Europe is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the Mediterranean region.Winds formed by large-scale pressure gradients foster dust entrainment intothe atmosphere over north African dust source regions and advection of dustdownwind. The constellation of centers of high and low pressure determineswind speed and direction, and thus the chance for dust emission over northernAfrica and transport toward the Mediterranean.  We present characteristics of the atmospheric dust life cycle determiningdust transport toward the Mediterranean basin with focus on the ChArMEx(Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment) special observation period inJune and July 2013 using the atmosphere–dust model COSMO-MUSCAT (COSMO:COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling; MUSCAT: MUltiScale Chemistry AerosolTransport Model). Modes of atmospheric circulation are identified fromempirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the geopotential height at850 hPa and compared to EOFs calculated from 1979–2015 ERA-Interimreanalysis. Two different phases are identified from the first EOF, which intotal explain 45 % of the variance. They are characterized by thepropagation of the subtropical ridge into the Mediterranean basin, theposition of the Saharan heat low and the predominant Iberian heat low, anddiscussed illustrating a dipole pattern for enhanced (reduced) dust emissionfluxes, stronger (weaker) meridional dust transport, and consequent increased(decreased) atmospheric dust concentrations and deposition fluxes. In theevent of a predominant high-pressure zone over the western and central Mediterranean(positive phase), a hot spot in dust emission flux is evident over the GrandErg Occidental, and a reduced level of atmospheric dust loading occurs overthe western Mediterranean basin. The meridional transport in northwarddirection is reduced due to prevailing northerly winds. In case of apredominant heat low trough linking the Iberian and the Saharan heat low(negative phase), meridional dust transport toward the western Mediterraneanis increased due to prevailing southerly winds resulting in an enhancedatmospheric dust loading over the western Mediterranean.  Altogether, results from this study illustrate the relevance of knowingdust source location and characteristics in concert with atmosphericcirculation. The study elaborates on the question of the variability ofsummertime dust transport toward the Mediterranean and Europe with regard toatmospheric circulation conditions controlling dust emission and transportroutes of Saharan dust, exemplarily for the 2-month period ofJune–July 2013. Ultimately, outcomes from this study contribute to theunderstanding of the variance in dust transport into a populated region

atmospheric chemistry and physics

North African dust transport toward the western Mediterranean basin: atmospheric controls on dust source activation and transport pathways during June–July 2013