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The quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is essential to the more\udaccurate quantification of atmospheric nitrogen deposition, improved air\udquality and the assessment of ammonia-related agricultural policy and\udclimate mitigation strategies. The quantity, geographic distribution and\udhistorical trends of these emissions remain largely uncertain. In this\udpaper, a new Chinese agricultural fertilizer NH3 (CAF_NH3)\udemissions inventory has been compiled that exhibits the following\udimprovements: (1) a 1  ×  1 km gridded map on the county level was\uddeveloped for 2008; (2) a combined bottom-up and top-down method was used\udfor the local correction of emission factors (EFs) and parameters; (3) the\udtemporal patterns of historical time trends for 1978–2008 were estimated and\udthe uncertainties were quantified for the inventories; and (4) a sensitivity\udtest was performed in which a province-level disaggregated map was compared\udwith CAF_NH3 emissions for 2008. The total\udCAF_NH3 emissions for 2008 were 8.4 TgNH3 yr−1 (a 6.6–9.8 Tg interquartile range). From\ud1978 to 2008, annual NH3 emissions fluctuated with three peaks (1987,\ud1996 and 2005), and total emissions increased from 3.2 to 8.4 Tg at an\udannual rate of 3.0 %. During the study period, the contribution of\udlivestock manure spreading increased from 37.0 to 45.5 % because of\udchanging fertilization practices and the rapid increase in egg, milk, and\udmeat consumption. The average contribution of synthetic fertilizer, which\udhas a positive effect on crop yields, was approximately 38.3 % (minimum:\ud33.4 %; maximum: 42.7 %). With rapid urbanization causing a decline in\udthe rural population, the contribution of the rural excrement sector varied\udwidely between 20.3 % and 8.5 %. The average contributions of cake\udfertilizer and straw returning were approximately 3.8 and 4.5 %,\udrespectively, thus small and stable. Collectively, the CAF_NH3 emissions reflect the nation's agricultural policy to a certain\udextent. An effective approach to decreasing PM2.5 concentrations in\udChina would be to simultaneously decrease NOx, SO2, and NH3\udemissions

High-resolution inventory of ammonia emissions from agricultural fertilizer in China from 1978 to 2008