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A recently designed droplet freezing assay was used to study the freezing ofup to 1500 identical 0.2 nL water droplets containing suspensions of oneNa/Ca-rich feldspar and three K-rich and one Na/Ca-rich feldspar particles.Three types of experiments have been conducted: cooling ramp, isothermalfreezing at a constant temperature, and freeze–thaw cycles. The observedfreezing behavior has been interpreted with the help of a model based on theclassical nucleation theory (soccer ball model (SBM); Niedermeier et al.,2015). By applying the model to the different freezing experiments conductedwith the same ice-nucleating material, the unique sets of modelparameters for specific feldspar suspensions could be derived. The SBM wasshown to adequately describe the observed cooling rate dependence, the ice-nucleating active sites (INAS) surface density ns(T) in a widetemperature range, and the shift of the freezing curves towards lowertemperature with dilution. Moreover, the SBM was capable of reproducing thevariation of INAS surface density ns(T) with concentration of ice-nucleating particles in the suspension droplets and correctly predicting theleveling-off of ns(T) at low temperature. The freeze–thawexperiments have clearly shown that the heterogeneous freezing induced evenby very active ice-nucleating species still possesses a stochastic nature,with the degree of randomness increasing towards homogeneous nucleation. A population of the high-temperature INAS has been identified in one of theK-rich feldspar samples. The freezing of 0.8 wt % suspension droplets ofthis particular feldspar was observed already at −5 °C. These high-temperature active sites could be deactivated by treating the sample withhydrogen peroxide but survived heating up to 90 °C. Given a highmass concentration of these high-temperature active sites (2.9 × 108 g−1) and a very low value of contact angle (0.56 rad) thepossibility of biological contamination of the sample was concluded to beunlikely but could not be completely ruled out. The freezing efficacy of allfeldspar samples has been shown to reduce only slightly after suspension inwater for over 5 months

A comparative study of K-rich and Na/Ca-rich feldspar ice-nucleating particles in a nanoliter droplet freezing assay