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Continuous measurements of physical and chemical properties at the Mt.Cimone (Italy) GAW-WMO (Global Atmosphere Watch, World Meteorological Organization) Global Station (2165 m a.s.l.) have allowed the detection of thevolcanic aerosol plume resulting from the Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) eruption ofspring 2010. The event affected the Mt. Cimone site after a transport over a distanceof more than 3000 km. Two main transport episodes were detected during theeruption period, showing a volcanic fingerprint discernible against the freetropospheric background conditions typical of the site, the first from April19 to 21 and the second from 18 to 20 May 2010. This paper reports themodification of aerosol characteristics observed during the two episodes,both characterised by an abrupt increase in fine and, especially, coarsemode particle number. Analysis of major, minor and trace elements by different analyticaltechniques (ionic chromatography, particle induced X-ray emission–particle induced gamma-ray emission (PIXE–PIGE) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)) were performed onaerosols collected by ground-level discrete sampling. The resulting databaseallows the characterisation of aerosol chemical composition during thevolcanic plume transport and in background conditions. During the passage ofthe volcanic plume, the fine fraction was dominated by sulphates, denotingthe secondary origin of this mode, mainly resulting from in-plume oxidationof volcanic SO2. By contrast, the coarse fraction was characterised byincreased concentration of numerous elements of crustal origin, such as Fe,Ti, Mn, Ca, Na, and Mg, which enter the composition of silicate minerals.Data analysis of selected elements (Ti, Al, Fe, Mn) allowed the estimationof the volcanic plume's contribution to total PM10, resulting in a localenhancement of up to 9.5 μg m−3, i.e. 40% of total PM10 on18 May, which was the most intense of the two episodes. These results appearsignificant, especially in light of the huge distance of Mt. Cimone fromthe source, confirming the widespread diffusion of the Eyjafjallajökullashes over Europe

In situ physical and chemical characterisation of the Eyjafjallajökull aerosol plume in the free troposphere over Italy