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The CALIOPE air quality modelling system is developed and applied to Europewith high spatial resolution (12 km × 12 km). The modelleddaily-to-seasonal aerosol variability over Europe in 2004 is evaluated andanalysed. Aerosols are estimated from two models, CMAQv4.5 (AERO4) andBSC-DREAM8b. CMAQv4.5 calculates biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt aerosoland BSC-DREAM8b provides the natural mineral dust contribution from NorthAfrican deserts. For the evaluation, we use daily PM10, PM2.5 andaerosol components data from 55 stations of the EMEP/CREATE network andtotal, coarse and fine aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from 35 stations ofthe AERONET sun photometer network. Annual correlations between modelled andobserved values for PM10 and PM2.5 are 0.55 and 0.47, respectively.Correlations for total, coarse and fine AOD are 0.51, 0.63, and 0.53,respectively. The higher correlations of the PM10 and the coarse modeAOD are largely due to the accurate representation of the African dustinfluence in the forecasting system. Overall PM and AOD levels areunderestimated. The evaluation of the aerosol components highlightsunderestimations in the fine fraction of carbonaceous matter (EC and OC) andsecondary inorganic aerosols (SIA; i.e. nitrate, sulphate and ammonium). Thescores of the bulk parameters are significantly improved after applying asimple model bias correction based on the observed aerosol composition. Thesimulated PM10 and AOD present maximum values over the industrializedand populated Po Valley and Benelux regions. SIA are dominant in the finefraction representing up to 80% of the aerosol budget in latitudes northof 40° N. In southern Europe, high PM10 and AOD are linked tothe desert dust transport from the Sahara which contributes up to 40% ofthe aerosol budget. Maximum seasonal ground-level concentrations(PM10 > 30 μg m−3) are found between spring andearly autumn. We estimate that desert dust causes daily exceedances of thePM10 European air quality limit value (50 μg m−3) inlarge areas south of 45° N with more than 75 exceedances per year inthe southernmost regions

Aerosols in the CALIOPE air quality modelling system: evaluation and analysis of PM levels, optical depths and chemical composition over Europe