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PM1 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter<1 μm) non-refractory components and black carbon were measuredcontinuously together with additional air quality and atmospheric parametersat an urban background site in Barcelona, Spain, during March 2009 (campaignDAURE, Determination of the sources of atmospheric Aerosols in Urban andRural Environments in the western Mediterranean). Positive matrixfactorization (PMF) was conducted on the organic aerosol (OA) data matrixmeasured by an aerosol mass spectrometer, on both unit mass (UMR) and highresolution (HR) data. Five factors or sources could be identified: LV-OOA(low-volatility oxygenated OA), related to regional, aged secondary OA;SV-OOA (semi-volatile oxygenated OA), a fresher oxygenated OA; HOA(hydrocarbon-like OA, related to traffic emissions); BBOA (biomass burningOA) from domestic heating or agricultural biomass burning activities; and COA(cooking OA). LV-OOA contributed 28% to OA, SV-OOA 27%, COA17%, HOA 16%, and BBOA 11%. The COA HR spectrum containedsubstantial signal from oxygenated ions (O:C: 0.21) whereas the HR HOAspectrum had almost exclusively contributions from chemically reduced ions(O:C: 0.03). If we assume that the carbon in HOA is fossil while that in COAand BBOA is modern, primary OA in Barcelona contains a surprisingly highfraction (59%) of non-fossil carbon. This paper presents a method for estimating cooking organic aerosol inambient datasets based on the fractions of organic mass fragments at m/z 55 and57: their data points fall into a V-shape in a scatter plot, with stronglyinfluenced HOA data aligned to the right arm and strongly influenced COAdata points aligned to the left arm. HR data show that this differentiationis mainly driven by the oxygen-containing ions C3H3O+ andC3H5O+, even though their contributions to m/z 55 and 57 are lowcompared to the reduced ions C4H7+ and C4H9+.A simple estimation method based on the markers m/z 55, 57, and 44 is developedhere and allows for a first-order-estimation of COA in urban air. This studyemphasizes the importance of cooking activities for ambient air quality andconfirms the importance of chemical composition measurements with a highmass and time resolution

Identification and quantification of organic aerosol from cooking and other sources in Barcelona using aerosol mass spectrometer data