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Specific very dry high-ozone layers, starting roughly two days after the  onset of high-pressure periods during the warm season, have been  reproducibly observed in the middle and upper troposphere with the ozone  lidar in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany). These episodes,  previously not understood, were recently analysed based on extending  backward simulations with the FLEXPART particle dispersion model to as  many as twenty days and on jet-stream analyses including calculations  with the LAGRANTO transport model. In all six cases analysed the model  results indicate ozone import from the stratosphere on an extremely  long path along the subtropical jet stream over the Pacific Ocean, Asia  and, in part, all the way back to the Atlantic Ocean. The analysis  suggests that stratospheric influence is the most important factor  for the increase in ozone and is related to rather shallow transfer of  air from the stratosphere into the upper- and mid-tropospheric air  streams observed with the lidar. Contributions from the boundary layers  of East Asia and North America are just occasionally present, in one  case documented by a very dense aerosol plume from the Asian deserts.  The considerable vertical and temporal extent of many of these layers  and peak ozone mixing ratios between 80 and 150 ppb suggest  that the observations are related to an important mechanism for  stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) and also confirm  the model predictions of pronounced and persistent STT along the  subtropical jet stream

High-ozone layers in the middle and upper troposphere above Central Europe: potential import from the stratosphere along the subtropical jet stream