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The performance of different urban surface parameterizations in the WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) in simulating urban boundary layer (UBL)was investigated using extensive measurements during the Texas Air QualityStudy 2006 field campaign. The extensive field measurements collected onsurface (meteorological, wind profiler, energy balance flux) sites, aresearch aircraft, and a research vessel characterized 3-dimensionalatmospheric boundary layer structures over the Houston-Galveston Bay area,providing a unique opportunity for the evaluation of the physicalparameterizations. The model simulations were performed over the Houstonmetropolitan area for a summertime period (12–17 August) using a bulk urbanparameterization in the Noah land surface model (original LSM), a modifiedLSM, and a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM). The UCM simulationcompared quite well with the observations over the Houston urban areas,reducing the systematic model biases in the original LSM simulation by1–2 °C in near-surface air temperature and by 200–400 m in UBL height,on average. A more realistic turbulent (sensible and latent heat) energypartitioning contributed to the improvements in the UCM simulation. Theoriginal LSM significantly overestimated the sensible heat flux (~200 W m<sup>−2</sup>) over the urban areas, resulting in warmer and higher UBL. Themodified LSM slightly reduced warm and high biases in near-surface airtemperature (0.5–1 °C) and UBL height (~100 m) as a result of theeffects of urban vegetation. The relatively strong thermal contrast betweenthe Houston area and the water bodies (Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico)in the LSM simulations enhanced the sea/bay breezes, but the modelperformance in predicting local wind fields was similar among thesimulations in terms of statistical evaluations. These results suggest thata proper surface representation (e.g. urban vegetation, surface morphology)and explicit parameterizations of urban physical processes are required foraccurate urban atmospheric numerical modeling

Evaluation of urban surface parameterizations in the WRF model using measurements during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006 field campaign