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We use aircraft observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the NASA ARCTASand NOAA ARCPAC campaigns in April 2008 together with multiyear (2003–2008)CO satellite data from the AIRS instrument and a global chemical transportmodel (GEOS-Chem) to better understand the sources, transport, andinterannual variability of pollution in the Arctic in spring. Modelsimulation of the aircraft data gives best estimates of CO emissions inApril 2008 of 26 Tg month<sup>−1</sup> for Asian anthropogenic, 9.4 for Europeananthropogenic, 4.1 for North American anthropogenic, 15 for Russian biomassburning (anomalously large that year), and 23 for Southeast Asian biomassburning. We find that Asian anthropogenic emissions are the dominant sourceof Arctic CO pollution everywhere except in surface air where Europeananthropogenic emissions are of similar importance. Russian biomass burningmakes little contribution to mean CO (reflecting the long CO lifetime) butmakes a large contribution to CO variability in the form of combustionplumes. Analysis of two pollution events sampled by the aircraftdemonstrates that AIRS can successfully observe pollution transport to theArctic in the mid-troposphere. The 2003–2008 record of CO from AIRS showsthat interannual variability averaged over the Arctic cap is very small.AIRS CO columns over Alaska are highly correlated with the Ocean NiñoIndex, suggesting a link between El Niño and Asian pollution transportto the Arctic. AIRS shows lower-than-average CO columns over Alaska duringApril 2008, despite the Russian fires, due to a weakened Aleutian Lowhindering transport from Asia and associated with the moderate 2007–2008 LaNiña. This suggests that Asian pollution influence over the Arctic maybe particularly large under strong El Niño conditions

atmospheric chemistry and physics

Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide