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In central Mexico during the spring of 2007 we measuredthe initial emissions of 12 gases and the aerosol speciation for elementaland organic carbon (EC, OC), anhydrosugars, Cl−, NO3−, and 20metals from 10 cooking fires, four garbage fires, three brick making kilns,three charcoal making kilns, and two crop residue fires. Global biofuel usehas been estimated at over 2600 Tg/y. With several simple case studies weshow that cooking fires can be a major, or the major, source of severalgases and fine particles in developing countries. Insulated cook stoves withchimneys were earlier shown to reduce indoor air pollution and the fuel useper cooking task. We confirm that they also reduce the emissions of VOCpollutants per mass of fuel burned by about half. We did not detect HCNemissions from cooking fires in Mexico or Africa. Thus, if regional sourceattribution is based on HCN emissions typical for other types of biomassburning (BB), then biofuel use and total BB will be underestimated in muchof the developing world. This is also significant because cooking fires arenot detected from space. We estimate that ~2000 Tg/y of garbage aregenerated globally and about half may be burned, making this a commonlyoverlooked major global source of emissions. We estimate a fine particleemission factor (EFPM2.5) for garbage burning of~10.5±8.8 g/kg, which is in reasonable agreement with very limited previous work. Weobserve large HCl emission factors in the range 2–10 g/kg. Consideration ofthe Cl content of the global waste stream suggests that garbage burning maygenerate as much as 6–9 Tg/yr of HCl, which would make it a major source ofthis compound. HCl generated by garbage burning in dry environments may havea relatively greater atmospheric impact than HCl generated in humid areas.Garbage burning PM2.5 was found to contain levoglucosan and K inconcentrations similar to those for biomass burning, so it could be a sourceof interference in some areas when using these tracers to estimate BB.Galactosan was the anhydrosugar most closely correlated with BB in thisstudy. Fine particle antimony (Sb) shows initial promise as a garbageburning tracer and suggests that this source could contribute a significantamount of the PM2.5 in the Mexico City metropolitan area. The fuelconsumption and emissions due to industrial biofuel use are difficult tocharacterize regionally. This is partly because of the diverse range offuels used and the very small profit margins of typical micro-enterprises.Brick making kilns produced low total EFPM2.5 (~1.6 g/kg), butvery high EC/OC ratios (6.72). Previous literature on brick kilns is scarcebut does document some severe local impacts. Coupling data from Mexico,Brazil, and Zambia, we find that charcoal making kilns can exhibit an 8-foldincrease in VOC/CO over their approximately one-week lifetime. Acetic acidemission factors for charcoal kilns were much higher in Mexico thanelsewhere. Our dirt charcoal kiln EFPM2.5 emission factor was~1.1 g/kg, which is lower than previous recommendations intended for alltypes of kilns. We speculate that some PM2.5 is scavenged in the walls of dirt kilns

Trace gas and particle emissions from domestic and industrial biofuel use and garbage burning in central Mexico