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. Milk exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are important forpostnatal growth and immune system maturation in newborn mammals. Thefunctional hypothesis of milk exosomal miRNAs and their potentialbioavailability in milk to newborn mammals were investigated. Briefly, 37 exosomal miRNAs were upregulated compared to miRNAs found outside theexosomes. Among these miRNAs, ssc-miR-193a-3p expression was upregulated1467.35 times, while ssc-miR-423-5p, ssc-miR-551a, ssc-miR-138, ssc-miR-1and ssc-miR-124a were highly concentrated and upregulated 13.58–30.06times. Moreover, these miRNAs appeared to be relevant for cell developmentand basic physiological processes of the immune system. Following theanalysis of target gene prediction and related signalling pathways, 9262 target genes were mainly concentrated in three signalling pathways:metabolic pathways, pathways in cancer, and phosphatidylinositol3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signalling pathways. Among 9262 targetgenes, more than 20 miRNAs were enriched in exosomes, such as methyl CpGbinding protein 2 (MECP2) and glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1). After determining the miRNAlocalization-, distribution- and function-related metabolism, we found thatthese exosomes were specifically concentrated miRNA target genes and theywere interrelated with cell development and basic cell functions, such asmetabolism and immunity. It is speculated that miRNAs in milk can influenceoffspring via milk exosomes.

Comparison of porcine milk microRNA expression in milk exosomes versus whole swine milk and prediction of target genes