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Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a member of the transforming growth factor-  β  superfamily, plays important regulatory roles in follicular development and sex differentiation. Although much has been learned about the impact of polymorphisms of AMH on reproduction in animals, the effect on chicken reproduction is not well explored. In this study, the polymorphism of five exons of AMH gene and its effect on the reproductive performance of Jinghai Yellow chickens were studied. Primers for the amplification of AMH exons were designed, and Sanger sequencing was performed. Finally, only the polymorphism in the second exon of the AMH gene was found in the present population. Polymorphisms in the second exon of the AMH gene in 246 Jinghai Yellow hens and their associations with reproductive traits were analyzed. In total, four single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations were detected in the second exon of the AMH gene: g.1868A  &gt;  C (AA, aa and Aa); g.1883G  &gt;  A (BB, bb and Bb); g.1987G  &gt;  A (CC, cc and Cc); and g.1996A  &gt;  G (DD, dd and Dd). Only the mutation of g.1996A  &gt;  G affected the reproductive traits: the age of laying first egg (AFE) of dd genotype was significantly (   p  &lt;  0.01   ) earlier than that in the DD and Dd hens. Moreover, the egg number by 300 d old (EN300) of dd individuals was significantly higher than that of DD and Dd individuals (   p  &lt;  0.01   ). Thus, we inferred that the dd genotype is the beneficial genotype. Additionally, AFE and EN300 showed significantly better performance in both the H2H2 and H7H7 diplotypes compared with other diplotype individuals (   p  &lt;  0.01   ). Thus, the H2H2 and H7H7 genotype had the best combination of AFE and EN300. Our study may allow for molecular marker section in poultry breeding.

The anti-Müllerian hormone gene's second exon is associated with the reproductive performance of Jinghai Yellow chickens