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With the large population growth and technological development, the use of natural resources is increasingly present and constant, so that there is a growing use of reserves of resources and also causing concerns, measures and solutions in the environmental respect, as its finitude and importance to survive the extractions and uses. The focus of this work is focused on the oil exploration activity is responsible for being the fossil energy source most used on the globe. Its advantages are vast, but its adverse impacts, especially to the natural environment, are devastating and of great magnitude, causing losses in fauna, flora and also to society. This line of reasoning during an oil environmental disaster, such as a spill, effective methods are needed to combat it; a technique that has been studied and used is bioremediation of contaminated soils, which corresponds to a treatment process that uses microorganisms which degrade and convert organic compounds into less complex compounds. This paper deals is a literature review study, based on a survey and selection of material already published, including scientific articles, books, web sites like scientific Scielo, Scorpus and Capes Journal of the past 15 years. The aim of this article is to discuss and evaluate previously on bioremediation techniques, its real importance and validity towards the oil spill problem. The final consideration after the analysis of the scientific documents show that this technique proves to be effective because it is a treatment process that uses microorganisms which degrade and convert existing organic compounds in contaminated soil, in less complex compounds or easily degradable, one Alternatively for the recovery of contaminated areas. It is a viable treatment option, low cost and that can be deployed in the field or in closed systems. Thus, bioremediation offers some advantages over other remediation techniques because it is environmentally friendly, does not alter the equilibrium of ecosystems, targeting only the biodegradation of the polluting compounds, thereby reducing their concentration or toxicity.

A BIORREMEDIAÇÃO COMO TÉCNICA DE TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTES CONTAMINADOS POR PETRÓLEO