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© 2015 TERRAPUB, Tokyo. All rights reserved. doi:10.5047/absm.2015.00801.0001 †Present address: Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, Bodø, Norway. Antibacterial peptides have been deeply studied and increasingly identified from the fish epidermis, such as pardaxin (a 33-residue peptide of Moses sole fish Pardachirus marmoratus) (Oren and Shai 1996), pleurocidin (a 25-residue peptide of winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus) (Cole et al. 1997; Saint et al. 2002), grammistins (12–28-residue peptides of soapfishes Grammistes sexlineatus and Pogonoperca punctata) (Yokota et al. 2001; Sugiyama et al. 2005), moronecidin (a 22-residue peptide of hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops ¥ Morone saxatrilis) (Lauth et al. 2002), myxinidin (a 12-residue peptide of hagfish Myxine glutinosa) (Subramanian et al . 2009), pleteobagrin (a 20-residue peptide of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fluvidraco) (Su 2011) and AJN-10 (a novel peptide of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica) (Liang et al. 2011). Most of the antibacterial peptides are positively charged, amphipathic and form a-helical or bsheet structures, although they are heterogeneous with respect to their primary structure (Shai 1999, 2002). Histones and their derived peptides are among antiAbstract Fish have elaborate humoral factors in their nonspecific defense mechanisms and skin mucus covering their surface contains a variety of antibacterial proteins and peptides. Since we first identified L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) as an antibacterial protein (SSAP; Sebastes shlegeli antibacterial protein) in the rockfish S. shlegeli skin mucus, LAO was recognized as a novel type of antibacterial agent in fish. SSAP, antibacterial LAO, is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 120 kDa and a homodimer consisting of a 53 kDa subunit. SSAP was determined to contain FAD as a coenzyme and have the strict substrate specificity to L-lysine. It potently and selectively showed antibacterial activity against water-borne Gram-negative pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio parahaemolyticus by production of hydrogen peroxide. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that SSAP damaged the bacteria in different manners. SSAP was predominantly synthesized in skin and gill. SSAP mRNA positive cells were observed near the basal membrane of skin epidermis and the gill epithelium by in situ hybridization. Another LAO with antibacterial activity was isolated in serum of the rockfish. These results suggest that antibacterial LAOs are deeply involved in innate immunity of the rockfish. L-Amino Acid Oxidase, a Novel Antibacterial Protein in the Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli

L-Amino Acid Oxidase, a Novel Antibacterial Protein in the Rockfish <i>Sebastes schlegeli</i>