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Many caves contain deposits of clastic sediments ranging in size from clays and silts to gravels, cobbles and occasionally boulders (Bosch and White, 2004). An extreme example was the 1 – 2 meter sandstone boulders apparently flushed out of a sump in Aqua Cave, Highland County, Virginia, USA (Palmer & Palmer, 2005). These deposits are usually composed of quartz sand and sandstone as well as other noncarbonate rocks clearly derived from locations distant from the caves in which they are found. It is generally agreed that clastic sediment transport is an episodic event with distinct thresholds for the movement of particles in a given size range (Herman et al., 2008). Fine-grained sediments can be transported either as bedload or in suspension by moderate storm flows (Dogwiler & Wicks, 2004). Transport of cobbles and boulders requires extreme storms and such conditions occur only rarely. One documented example of the effects of extreme storms was the sediment scouring of Cave Springs Cave, near Lexington, Virginia, by Hurricane Camille in 1969 (Doehring & Vierbuchen, 1971). In this example, the storm flow transported sediment in the sand to cobble size range and scoured the cave walls of existing sediment coatings.

Sediment flushing in Mystic Cave, West Virginia, USA, in response to the 1985 Potomac Valley flood