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The use of face masks for the general public has been suggested in literatureas a means to decrease virus transmission during the global COVID-19 pandemic.However, literature findings indicate that most mask designs do not providereliable protection. This paper investigates the hypothesis that the impairedprotection is mainly due to imperfect fitting of the masks, so that airflow,which contains virus-transporting droplets, can leak through gaps into or outof the mask. The fluid dynamics of face masks are investigated via analyticaland numerical computations. The results demonstrate that the flow can besatisfactorily predicted by simplified analytical 1D-flow models, by efficient2D-flow simulations and by 3D-flow simulations. The present results show thatalready gap heights larger than 0.1mm can result in the mask not fulfillingFFP2 or FFP3 standards, and for gap heights of ca. 1mm most of the airflow anddroplets may pass through the gap. The implications of these findings arediscussed and improvements to existing mask designs are suggested.

journal of applied fluid mechanics

Analytical and numerical investigation of the airflow in face masks used  for protection against COVID-19 virus -- implications for mask design and  usage