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This chapter will trace and identify the development of innovation clusters in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), as well as in parts of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) areas. Here zones and clusters that provide skillbased products and services and that have actual or potential strong linkages to global and regional value chains are of prime interest. It is crucial to determine, for instance, if there is a history of development of an interlinked set of innovation clusters, as determined by increasing valueadded trade flows among the set (‘innovation–cluster– ecology’). As has been shown in the case of the BSR, a ‘bottomup’ as well as ‘topdown’ driven institutional regional integration and skillbased innovation structure has been established successfully, under a somewhat integrated set of strategic knowledge tools, with which policy makers were able to build an innovation–cluster–ecology. Smaller states with less innovation capacity profited from integration with innovation leaders. In the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and therefore for most of the GMS, regional innovation capacitybuilding is influenced by the relative importance of intraregional versus extraregional economic (especially trade in valueadded) asymmetry (Krapohl and Fink, 2013). GMS countries’ trade structure is characterized by extraregional interdependence in global value chains. This is apparent from GMS regional

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The view from the Greater Mekong Subregion, Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economic Community, and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Region